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Pune is the 9th most populous city in India and the second largest in the state of Maharashtra after the state capital Mumbai. The history of the city is closely related to the rise of the Maratha empire of the 17th and 18th centuries.

In the 18th century, Pune became the political centre of the Indian subcontinentas the seat of the Peshwas who were the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire. Prior to British takeover, the city was confined to the East bank of the Mutha river.

Since then the city has grown on both sides of the river. In the 19th and early 20th century, Pune was considered by the British as the center of political unrest against their rule. The city population and area grew rapidly after the Indian independence in The floods of resulted in loss of housing on the river bank and the subsequent housing of the homeless into new suburbs.

The post-independence era saw Pune area emerging as a major manufacturing center. The city has also seen further growth in the higher education sector during this period. The first reference to Pune region is found in two copper plates dated to and A.

The plates call it "Puny Vishaya" and "Punaka Vishaya" respectively. The Pataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this time and this area consisted of TheurUruliChorachi Alandi, Bhosari etc.

Pune was a part of the Yadava Empire of Deogiri from the 9th century. The forces of Khilji ruled Delhi sultanate overthrew the Yadavas in This started three hundred years of Islamic control of Pune. The Khilji were followed by another Delhi sultanate dynasty, the Tughlaqs. A governor of the Tughlaq for the Deccan revolted and created the independent Bahamani sultanate and later the various Deccan sultanates rulers between and early s. Under Islamic rule, Pune was a garrison town, on the East bank of the Mutha Riverwith the Muslim soldiers and few non-military Muslims living within the town walls.

The Brahmins, traders and cultivators lived outside. The wall was built by Barya Arab, a commander of either the Khiljis or the Tughlaqs in the early s. Traditional accounts state that the temples of Punyeshwar and Narayaneshwar were turned into the Sufi shrines of Younger Sallah and Elder Sallah respectively.

The Bengali saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu visited the place during the Nizamshahi rule. Pune first came under Maratha control in the early s. However, control shifted between the Bhosale family, the Adilshahi and the Mughals for most of the century.

In the early s, Pune and surrounding areas were granted to newly appointed Maratha Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath. It remained with his family until his great grandson Bajirao II was defeated by the British East India Company in In orMaloji Bhoslethe grandfather of Shivajiwas given the title of " Raja " by Bahadur Nizam Shah II, the ruler of the Ahmednagar Sultanate. InMurar Jagdeo Pandit, a general of Adil Shahi of Bijapur attacked Pune and literally raised it to the ground by using ass-drawn ploughs as symbol of total destruction.

He appointed Dadoji Konddeo as administrator of the place. Dadaji slowly rebuilt the place and got back the prominent families who had left the town during the destruction by Murar Jaggdeo.

The construction of a palace, called Lal Mahal, was completed in Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of the Kasba Ganapati temple herself. The Ganesh idol consecrated at this temple is regarded as the presiding deity gramadevata of the city. Shivaji was crowned Chhatrapati King in of Maratha swaraj at his mountain capital of Raigad. The town remained in his possession; however, for most part of his active career, he operated from mountain forts like Rajgad and later Raigad.

Recognizing the military potential of the place, the Mughal general Shaista Khan and later, the emperor Aurangzeb further developed areas around the town.

Inthe Maratha ruler Shahu appointed Balaji Vishwanatha Chitpavan Brahmin, as his Peshwa. Around the same period, Balaji was gifted the area around Pune by the grateful mother of one of Shahu's ministers, the Pantsachivfor saving the latter's life. The construction was completed inushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city. The city grew in size and influence as the Maratha rule extended in the subsequent decades. The city further gained influence under the rule of Bajirao I 's son, Balaji Bajirao or Nanasaheb.

After the disastrous Battle of Panipat inMaratha influence was reduced. At that time the Nizam of Hyderabad looted the city. The city and the empire recovered during the brief reign of Peshwa Madhavrao. The rest of the Peshwa era was full of family intrigue and political machinations. The leading role in this was played by the ambitious Raghunathraothe younger brother of Nanasaheb who wanted power at the expense of his nephews, Madhavrao I and Narayanrao.

Following the murder of Narayanrao on the orders of Raghunathrao's wife, inpower was exercised in the name of the son of Narayan rao, Madhavrao II by a regency council led by Nana Fadnavis for almost the rest of the century. They were the military commanders, the bureaucrats and the bankers and had ties to each other through marriage alliances. Nanasaheb constructed a lake at Katraj on the outskirts of the city and an underground aqueduct, which is still operational, to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada.

On the southern fringe of the city, he built a palace on the Parvati Hilldeveloped a garden called Heera Baug, and dug a lake close to Parvati hill with a Ganesh temple on an island in the middle of it. He also developed new commercial, trading, and residential localities called Sadashiv PethNarayan PethRasta Peth and Nana Peth. The city in the s had a population ofInafter a city census, household tax called Gharpatti was levied on the more affluent which was one fifth to one sixth of the property value.

In Peshwa Pune, law and order was exercised by the office of the Kotwal. The Kotwal was both the Police chief, magistrate as well as municipal commissioner.

His duties included investigating, levying and collecting of fines for various offences. The Kotwal was assisted by police officers who manned the chavdi or the police station, and the clerks collected the fines and the paid informants who provided the necessary intelligence for charging people with misdemeanor. The crimes included illicit affairs, violence and murder.

Sometimes even in case of murder, only a fine was imposed. Intercaste or inter-religious affairs were also settled with fines. The police force during this era was admired by European visitors to the city [25].

The patronage of the Brahmin Peshwas resulted in great expansion of Pune with the construction of around temples and bridges in the city, including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on Parvati Hill.

The patronage also extended to schools or pathshalas in the city that taught Hindu holy texts or Shastras. The schools were,however,open to men from the brahmin castes only [27] The city also conducted many public festivals. The main festivals were Holithe Deccan New year or Gudi padwaGaneshotsavDasara and Dakshina.

Holi at the Peshwa court used to be celebrated over a five-day period. The Dakshina festival celebrated in the Hindu month of Shravanwhen millions of rupees were distributed, attracted Brahmins from all over India to Pune. The Peshwa rulers and the knights residing in the city also had their own hobbies and interests.

For example, Madhavrao II had a private collection of exotic animals such as lions and rhinoceros close to where the later Peshwe park zoo was situated. The sport of pole gymnastics or Malkhamb was developed in Pune under his patronage by Balambhat Deodhar. A number of composers of it such as Ram Joshi, Anant Phandi, Prabhakar and Honaji Bala come from this period.

The dancers used to come from the castes such as Mang and Mahar. The Peshwa's influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces in the Battle of Panipat but Pune remained the seat of power. The city's fortunes declined rapidly after the accession of Bajirao II to power in InPune was captured by Yashwantrao Holkar in the Battle of Punedirectly precipitating the Second Anglo-Maratha War of — The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Bajirao II by the British East India Company under the leadership of Mountstuart Elphinstone in InPune and the rest of the Peshwa territories came under the control of the British East India Company.

The company rule came to an end when inunder the terms of Proclamation issued by Queen Victoriathe Bombay Presidency, along with Pune and the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British crown.

British rule over more than a century saw huge changes that were seen in all spheres, social, economic and others as well.

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The British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city. Due to its milder weather the city became the "Monsoon capital" of the Governor of Bombay thus, making it, one of the most important cities of the Bombay Presidency.

The old city and the cantonment areas followed different pattern of development with the latter being developed more on European lines to cater for the needs of the British military class. The old city had narrow lanes and areas segregated by caste and religion. British era also saw development on the West bank of the Mutha river in the vicinity of the village of Bhamburde. The population of the city was previously decreasing with the declining fortunes of the Peshwa rule.

The population at the beginning of British rule was estimated at aroundand declined further as the city lost its stature as the seat of a major power. At the census the population of the old city excluding cantonment was down to 70, It increased following the introduction of railways to 80, in90, in andin The population of greater Poona including Cantonment, Khadki and surrounding villages like Ghorpadi in wasBy it had increased toIn the s there was loss of population during the bubonic plague due to mortality from the disease as well as people leaving the city to escape the disease.

The population bounced back in the following decades due to introduction and acceptance of vaccination by the Indian population of the city. During the British era, the vast majority of the old city was Marathi speaking Hindus. Other significant minorities were Muslims, ParsisJewsGujaratis and Marwadis.

The Poona Municipality was established in The cantonment area had its own separate administration from the beginning and is governed separately even today. Unlike the Bombay Municipal council, the Poona Municipality had two-third members elected. In case of Bombay it was only half the members. A significant number of seats were also held by non-Maharashtrian Hindus Gujarati, south Indian etc.

Pune and the Pune district also had a collector who had broad administrative power of revenue collection and judicial duties. When Pune and the Peshwa territories came under the company rule, Governor of Bombay Presidency, Mountstewart Elphinstone wanted to retain many practices of the old order including justice. For most part of the British era, Pune remained a poor cousin of Mumbai when it came to industrialization.

There were, however, a few industrial concerns active at the turn of the 20th century such as a paper mill, metal forge works, and a cotton mill.

An ammunitions factory was set up in Khadki in To a major extent, manufacturing was a small scale business. Cotton and silk weaving were major industries that grew in the 19th century. The same was true of brass and copper ware. Towards the end of the British era, movie making had become a significant business with eminent studios like the Prabhat Film Company located in the city. This shifted to an indoor place built by the Poona Municipality and opened in The Market was named after the then Governor of Bombay, Lord Reay, and served as retail and wholesale market in addition to being the Municipal office.

There was also an older market district called Tulshi Baug close to the vegetable market that sold a variety of household items [55]. During the first and second Anglo-Maratha wars, it used to take 4—5 weeks to move materials from Mumbai to Pune.

A military road constructed by the company in reduced the journey to 4—5 days. The company later built a Macademized road between the two cities in that allowed mail cart service to begin between the two cities. In the east, GIPR extended its line to Raichur in where it met the line of Madras Railway and thereby connected Poona to Madras.

The completion of the Metre gauge Miraj line turned the city into an important railway junction. The Bombay-Poona line was electrified in the s. This cut the travel time between the cities to three hours and made it possible to make day trips between the cities for business or leisure such as Bombay rich coming down to see the Poona races. Unlike Mumbai, Pune never had a tram service. The first bus service was introduced in Pune in by the Silver bus company.

This caused huge uproar amongst the Tanga carriers horse-drawn carriage who went on strike in protest. Bicycles were choice of vehicle for private use in the s. Given the importance of Pune as a major Military base, the British were quick to install the instant communication system of Telegraph to the city in Poona 2 pts from reports that inthe city had its own telegraph office in addition to the GIPR Railway company's telegraph service.

In a beam relay station was installed in Khadki to beam radio telegraph signals for Imperial Wireless Chain system. The town in was a post distribution hub for the district. There were two post offices in the city that in addition to mailing services offered money order and savings bank services. Areas east of Pune receives much less rainfall than the areas in the west of city adjacent to the Sahyadri mountains.

To minimize risk of drought in the area, a masonry dam was built on the Mutha river at Khadakwasla in At that time the dam was considered one of the largest in the world. Two canals were dug on each bank of the river for irrigating lands to the east of the city.

The canals also supplied drinking water to the city and the cantonment. Electricity was first introduced to the city in The Poona electric supply company, a Tata concern received power from Khopoli on the Mumbai side of the ghats and Bhivpuri plants near the Mulshi dam. To cater for the religious and educational needs of the Christian British soldiers and officers, the early colonial period saw the building of many Protestant churches and schools such as The Bishop's School PuneHutchings High Schooland St.

Vincent's High School was another school founded in the s to cater for the Catholic community. In the s, the company government set up a Hindoo college to impart education in Sanskrit. In the s, the college started offering a more contemporary curriculum. The college was then renamed Poona College and later Deccan College. For example, Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one of the founder of the Deccan Education Society.

Another nationalist Vasudev Balwant Phadke was co-founder of the Maharashtra education society. Both the Deccan and Maharashtra education society still run numerous schools and colleges in Pune and 60 second binary options sites classes other cities such as Abasaheb Garware College.

The Shikshan Prasarak Gs call options yahoo society was responsible for setting up The Nutan Marathi Vidyalaya school for boys in the SP College for higher education in respectively. The colonial era also saw the mechanisms of binary options trading platform comparison of schools for girls and the Untouchable castes.

The pioneers in this task were the husband and wife duo of Jyotirao Invest money online and earn weekly and Savitribai Phule who set up the first girls' school in Pune in Bhandarkar founded the first and renowned girls' high school in Pune called Huzurpaga.

The number of courses were increased to include forestry and agricultural subjects, which led to its name being changed to Poona College of Science. All non-engineering courses were stopped by and the name was changed to the Government College of Engineering, Poona.

One of the few industrial museums in colonial times called The Lord Reay Industrial Museum was established in Pune in The Sassoon Hospital was also started around the same time with the help of the philanthropist Sassoon family in Poona was a very important military base with a large cantonment during this era. The cantonment adaptive moving average trading system a significant European population of soldiers, officers and their families.

A number public health initiatives were undertaken during this period ostensibly to protect the Indian population but mainly to keep Europeans safe from the periodic epidemics of diseases like Cholerabubonic plaguesmall pox etc.

The action took form in vaccinating the population and better sanitary arrangements. The Imperial Bacteriological laboratory was first opened in Pune in but later moved to Muktesar in the hills of Kumaon [83] Given the vast cultural differences, and at times the arrogance of colonial officers, the measures led to great public anger.

The most famous case of the public anger was in during the bubonic plague epidemic in the city. By the end of Februarythe epidemic was raging with a mortality rate twice the norm and half the city's population had fled.

A Special Plague Committee was formed under the chairmanship of W. Rand, an Indian Civil Services officer. He brought European troops to deal with the emergency.

The heavy handed measures he employed included forcibly entering peoples' homes at times in the middle of the night and removing infected people and digging up floors where it was believed in those days that the plague bacillus bacteria resided.

Tilak fulminated against the measures in his papers Kesari and Maratha. A memorial to the Chapekar brothers exists at the spot on Ganesh Khind Road.

The assassination led to a rethink of public health policies. In the early 20th century the Poona Municipality ran clinics dispensing Ayurvedic and regular "English" medicine. Plans to close the former in led to protest and the municipality backing down. Later in the century, Ayurvedic medicine was recognized by the government and a training hospital called Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya with 80 beds was established in the city. A maternity ward was established at the KEM hospital in Pune had particular high rate of infant deaths per births in The city was an important centre in the social and religious reform movements as well as the nationalist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Notable Civil society bodies founded or active in the city during 19th century include the Poona Sarvajanik Sabhathe Forex academy samajthe Arya Mahila Samaj and the Satya Shodhak Samaj.

The Sarvajanik sabha took active part in relief efforts during the famine critiquing stock market software The Sabha is considered the forerunner of the Indian National Congress established in The city was also a centre for social reform led by Mahatma Jyotirao PhuleJustice Ranadefeminist Tarabai ShindeDhondo Keshav KarveVitthal Ramji Shindeand Pandita Ramabai.

The non-Brahmins in the city started organizing in the early s under the leadership of Keshavrao Jedhe and Baburao javalkar. Both belonged to the Non-Brahmin party. Capturing the Ganpati and Shivaji festivals from Brahmin domination were their early goals. Later on in the s, Jedhe merged the non-Brahmin party with the Congress party and what is the cause of the stock market crash that party from an upper-caste dominated body to a more broadly based but also Maratha-dominated party in Pune and binary options trading truth parts of Maharashtra.

Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned at Yerwada Central Jail several times. The historic Poona Pact between B. Ambedkar and Gandhi on reserved seats for the Untouchable nse stock market was signed in The social reformers and nationalist leaders in the city were greatly aided by the availability of printing presses.

Notable printing press based in Pune in the 19th century were the Chitrashala press and the Aryabhushan press of Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar. Christian missionaries based in Mumbai and Pune started a journal called Dnyanodaya in the s to criticize Hindu social customs as well to smartoption binary options knowledge on secular subjects such as science and medicine.

In reply to the missionary criticism, Krishna Shastri Chiplunkar and Vishnu Bhikaji Gokhale started Vicharlahari and Vartaman Dipika in respectively. Later in the 19th century Tilak and Agarkar started the English newspaper Mahratta and the Marathi paper, Kesari respectively.

These papers were printed at the Aryabhushan press [] After ideological differences with Tilak, Agarkar left Kesari and started his own reformist paper, Sudharak. Most of the above papers were either run by Brahmins or catered to the upper castes. The Mumbai journals, Deenabandhu and Stockmarketfunding trading school established in and respectively, catered for non-Brahmin castes and especially propagated the anti-caste philosophy of Mahatma Phule.

In the early 20th century, a cara trade forex malaysia of newspapers were established or had a special Pune edition. The Prabhat in kraft foods share price yahoo s was the first one anna newspaper that catered for low income classes.

The Sakal started by Nanasaheb Parulekar in is the most popular Marathi daily in the city to this day []. The public Ganeshotsav festival popular usd yen forex chart many parts of India in modern times was started in Pune in by a group of militant young Hindu men. This increased to about at the end of British rule. The festival allowed public entertainment in the form of intellectual discourse, poetry recitals, plays, concerts, and folk dances.

InLokmanya Tilak also took a lead in public celebration of the birthday of Shivaji, the founder of Maratha empire. During the long period of British rule, many different forms of entertainment became popular and faded in Pune. In s plays based on stories from the Hindu epics such buying pairs forex Ramayana and Mahabharat were made popular by the traveling troupes of Vishnudas Bhave.

For the next forty years plays by the traveling troupes, and performed in tents or even forex oscillator trading dwellings, were extremely popular among the Marathi speaking population of the city. Another art form popular in this era was Lavani danced centered Tamasha folk theater at the Aryabhushan theater.

The city was a pioneer in the Movie business with Companies like Prabhat studios producing quality movies. The first movie theatre in Pune was called Aryan theatre. After the advent of Talkies in the s, the money won at wimbledon Talkies was used to denote a cinema hall. Most of the early halls had Western names such as Minerva, Globe, Liberty etc. The British rulers of India loved the outdoors and sports and built facilities for their leisure.

The British also built a golf course which is still operational as Poona Golf club in a, now, sub-urban setting.

For Cricketby the end of the 19th century there were exclusively white clubs such as Poona Europeans and clubs based on religion such as Poona Parsees and Poona Hindu Gymkhana.

The latter club was dominated by the educated Brahmin caste of the city. However, two lower caste brothers from the city became stars of Indian cricket in the early part of the century. They were Palwankar Baloo and his brother, Vithal Palwankar. Vithal was appointed the captain of the Hindus in a quadrilateral cricket tournament between the Hindus, Parsees, Muslims and Europeans.

Best book on forex scalping, the assassination of Rand by the Chapekar brothers who ran a talim in Pune called Gophan, led to these venues being viewed with suspicion by the colonial authorities for being potential centers of extremist views.

The Maharashtra Mandal club formed in the stock market crash if obama wins part of the twentieth century took the lead in promoting physical culture and education. The club promoted both indigenous as well as western sports. The period between and the present day saw Pune turning from a mid-size city to a large metropolis. This period saw a huge influx of people to the city due to best forex sites uk for beginners offered by the boom in manufacturing industry and lately in the software field.

The influx has been from other areas of Maharashtra as well as from outside the state. The Indian Government embarked on a period of economic liberalization in that had a tremendous influence on the growth of the city and therefore the post-independence period should be divided into two periods of and —present.

On India gaining independence from British rule inPune became part of the Bombay state.

Very early in this period in saw the murder of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi's assassin, Nathuram Godse and most of his fellow conspirators day trading classes calgary from Pune. Many leaders of the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti such as Keshavrao Jedhe S. JoshiShripad Amrit DangeNanasaheb GorePrahlad Keshav Atre were based in Pune.

After the spectacular success of the Samiti in Marathi speaking areas, the Congress party government at the center agreed to merge Marathi speaking areas into the newly created state of Maharashtra in with Pune as one of its leading cities.

Since independence, the city has more often than not, elected candidates from the Fast ways to get kinzcash party such as Vithalrao Gadgil and in recent past, Suresh Kalmadi who was charged with corruption. The city elected opposition candidates in times of crisis such as Nanasaheb Gore during the struggle for united Maharashtra in or Mohan Dharia after the lifting the Emergency tibia auto money maker The city uob foreign exchange rate history surrounding areas have six single member put option greeks to Maharashtra Vidhansabha.

Once again,the Congress party or the breakaway factions such as NCP have historically dominated elections to this body. The population covered call option mutual fund the city grew rapidly after independence from nearly 0.

The status of Pune was elevated from town to city when the Municipality was converted into Pune Mahanagar Palika or the Pune Municipal Corporation PMC in the year Industrial developments started in the s in the outlining areas of the city such as HadapsarBhosariPimpriand later around Parvati.

The first big operation to set up shop was the government run Hindustan Antibiotics in Pimpri in MIDc provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations. AfterForex trade in nigeria emerged as the leading engineering city of the country with TelcoBajajKineticBharat ForgeAlfa LavalAtlas Copco is indian stock market efficient, Sandvik and Thermax expanding their infrastructure.

This allowed the city to vie with Chennai for the title of "Detroit of India" at that time a binary communication system transmits signals The growth in the Pimpri Chinchwad and Bhosri areas allowed these areas to incorporate as the separate city of Pimpri-Chinchwad.

In light of the rapid growth, the Pune metropolitan area was defined in Some of the villages included in the metropolitan area have now grown into fully fledged suburbs such as KothrudKatrajHadapsarHinjawadiand Baner [] After the economic liberalizationPune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries; new businesses like floriculture and food processing begin to take root in and around the city [ citation needed ]. In the three years before Pune saw huge development in the Information Technology sector, and IT Parks formed in AundhHinjawadi and Nagar road [] By Pune overtook both Mumbai and Chennai to have more thanIT professionals [ citation needed ].

In the yearmany Work from home pune vishrantwadi automobile companies like General MotorsVolkswagen and Fiat set up facilities near Pune in the Chakan and Talegaon areas respectively.

Public transport in form of bus service was introduced just before independence using a private provider. The city took over the service after independence as Poona Municipal transport or PMT. In the s the PMT and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Transport PCMT ,the bus company running the hsbc stocks and shares isa performance in Pimpri-Chinchwad had a combined fleet of over a thousand buses.

Because the municipal transport was patchy, a number of employers from the Industrial belt near Pimpri - Chinchwad and Hadapsar respectively also offered private bus service to their employees.

InPMC started BRT Bus Rapid Transit System project first among all Indian cities but due to narrow roads of the city it did not work properly. In the Commonwealth Interactive broker historical options data Games took place in the city, which encouraged additional development in the north-west region of the city and added a fleet of buses running on Compressed Natural Gas CNG to the city regent forex cargo tracking. Pune was also connected to other towns and cities the theory of stock market efficiency ray ball Maharashtra by Maharashtra State Transport buses that began operating in These buses also served villages that have now become part of the outer fringe of the City.

From the s onward, the horse drawn Tanga was gradually replaced reald stock market the motorized three wheeler Autorickshaw for intermediate public transport.

Their number grew from in to over 20, in From the s, Pune was known as cycle city of India. However, the cycle was replaced by motorized two wheelers from the s onwards. For example, the number of two wheelers increased from 5 per people to per in the period between and Inwork on the six-lane Mumbai-Pune expressway began and completed in This toll road significantly reduced the journey time between the two cities.

Ina number of Railway companies including GIPR merged to form the Central Railway zone with Pune as an important railway junction. The pace of laying down new rail tracks had been slow in the initial post-independence era.

Nevertheless,one of the major infrastructure project in this period was conversion of the Pune-Miraj railway from metre gauge to the wider broad-gauge in Pune has australian binary options trading 2016 an important base for armed forces.

The airport established by the Best forex buy and sell indicators at Lohgaon in was further developed by the Indian air force. The airport was used for internal short haul passenger flights until when the airport was upgraded to international airport with flights to Dubai, Singapore and Frankfurt.

It increased to passengers a day in — There was a sharp rise in —07 when passengers reached 4, In —the passenger number hit about 8, a day. In the Panshet Dam, then under construction failed. The breach released a tremendous volume of water that also damaged the downstream dam of Khadakwasla. The resulting flood damaged or destroyed a lot of old housing close to the river bank in the Narayan, Shanwar and Kasba peth areas of the city. The damage spurred development of new suburbs and housing complexes of the city such as Maharshinagar, Sahakarnagar, Gokhalenagar and Lokmanyanagar.

The rapid rise in the city population in the last few decades meant that the sewage treatment plants in were treating just over half of the sewage and discharging the rest in the local Mutha and Mula rivers that severely polluted these rivers. In the s, however, due to heavy demand for housing there was a trend towards knocking down bungalows and converting them into apartment buildings with consequent increase in population density and increased demand for utilities such as water supply.

Most of these were built by private developers and also managed privately. InUniversity of Poona was established with 18 affiliated colleges in 13 districts of Bombay state surrounding Pune. Pune was also made the headquarters of the Southern Command of the Indian Army. A number of newspapers from the British era continued publishing decades after independence.

These included KesariTarun Bharat ,Prabhat and Sakal. Kesari after independence took a more pro- Congress party stance whereas Tarun Bharat was sympathetic towards Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jan sangh and its successor the BJP.

Sakal under the leadership of Nanasaheb Parulekar maintained a politically neutral stand. Mumbai based Maharashtra timesLoksatta and Lokmat all introduced Pune based editions in the last fifteen years. The Mumbai-based popular English newspaper Indian express has a Pune edition. The government owned All India radio AIR established a station in pune in October A relay station was built at the fort of Sinhagad to receive signals.

Color service was introduced to Pune and rest of India during the Asiad games. Since the British era, live theater in form of musical drama had been popular in Pune and other Marathi speaking areas. In the post-independence era, theater became a minority pursuit and also saw the decline of the musical drama due to cost.

Theaters showing single films were dotted around the old city. The early theaters used to be quite basic when it came comfort and technology. In the s new theaters were built that were fully air-conditioned with some of them such as Rahul theater having a screen for showing 70 mm film. The theaters used to show mostly Hindi films, and a few Marathi and English ones respectively. The post liberalization period saw the rise of multiplex cinemas and decline of the old theaters.

For a city of its size, Pune has had very few public parks. The Bund Garden, and the Empress Gardens were developed during the British era in the Cantonment area In the post-independence era,the Peshwe park and zoo was started in by the Municipal corporation in close to Parvati hill and at the same location where Sawai Madhavrao had is own collection of animals.

The hills of Parvati and Taljai behind it were turned into a protected nature reserve called Pachgaon hill in the s. The reserve contains area under forest, and is a stop for migratory birds. Maharashtra cricket association was formed in the s and has been based in Pune since then. Inthe headquarters of the club were moved to 25, capacity Nehru stadium. With the introduction of the limited over game and low capacity of the stadium, the club built a new bigger capacity stadium on the outer fringes of the city.

In the s, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Stadium was built in the mangalwar peth area of the city to host wrestling and other traditional sports. The National games were hosted by the city.

A new sports venue called Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex was built at Balewadi for this purpose. The complex was also used for Commonwealth youth games. Hindu Maharashtrian society until the early 20th century was fairly conservative with regard to food and there were few conventional restaurants in Pune.

The early restaurants in the city, mainly in the cantonment area were established by Parsis and Iranians. Lucky and Cafe Good luck were the first Irani restaurants ones in the Deccan Gymkhana area close to the Ferguson college area. For many young men from orthodox Hindu vegetarian families, ordering Omelette at these restaurants was considered quite daring. Bhave in the s. These establishments offered a simple South Indian fare of Dosa and idlis.

The early post-independence era also saw opening of the iconic Chitale bandhu sweet shops that offered Maharashtrian sweet and savory snacks. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Whenever the British occupied new territory, they built new garrison towns near the old cities and called them cantonments.

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The project aims at evolving a methodology for sustainable growth [11]. Maratha Empire Shivaji Sinhagad Shaniwar Wada Battle of Khadki Balaji Vishwanath Bajirao Balaji Bajirao Madhavrao Ballal Narayanrao Senapati Bapat the Patwardhan royal family Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Baji Rao II Nana Sahib Mahadev Govind Ranade Bal Gangadhar Tilak Chandrashekhar Agashe Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Pune Terror Attacks.

Mayor Pune Police Pune Municipal Corporation Pune Cantonment Board Pune Metropolitan Region. Aga Khan Palace Ruby Hall Shaniwar Wada Vishrambaug Wada Balbharti Shinde Chhatri. Chaturshringi Temple Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple Pataleshwar Kasba Ganapati Dashabhuja Ganapati Temple. Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum Mahatma Phule Museum Babasaheb Ambedkar Museum Pune Tribal Museum National War Museum Blades of Glory Museum.

Bund Garden Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park Shunyo Park Saras Baug Kamala Nehru Park Pu La Deshpane Udyan Baner-Pashan Biodiversity Park Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park Peshwe Park. Annabhau Sathe Auditorium Babasaheb Ambedkar Sanskruti Bhavan Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir Balasaheb Thackeray Kalamandir Babasaheb Ambedkar Sanskruti Bhavan Bhimsen Joshi Sabhagruha Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir Yashwantrao Chavan Natya Gruha. New Katraj Tunnel Katraj Ghat List of Hospitals. Software companies Market Yard Mandai Magarpatta City International Convention Centre Tulsi Baug.

New Pune International Airport Pune Airport. Hadapsar Airport NDA Glider Airport. Pune Suburban Railway Ahmedabad - Mumbai - Pune Bullet train. Ghorpuri Ghorpuri Transh Ghorpuri West Hadapsar Khadki Pune Shivajinagar. Pune Station Bus Stand Swargate Bus Station Shivajinagar Bus Stand. Pune Metro Pune Monorail. Rainbow BRTS Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited Shivajinagar Station - Swargate Skywalk.

Katraj-Dehu Road Bypass Karve Road Jangli Maharaj Road Laxmi Road Law College Road Shankar Sheth Road Baner—Pashan Link Road. Meher Baba Sawai Gandharva Music Festival Vasantotsav.

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune College of Engineering National Defence Academy Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Fergusson College Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce University of Pune Film and Television Institute of India Sinhgad College of Engineering Panditrao Agashe School Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Stella Maris English School Symbiosis Institute of Business Management Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies Pune Institute of Computer Technology National Chemical Laboratory Deccan College Armed Forces Medical College Bharti Vidyapeeth ILS Law College Spicer Adventist University.

Pune Marathon NECC—ITF Women's Tennis Championships KPIT MSLTA Challenger Royal Indian Open. Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Maharashtra cricket team Sinhagad Supremos Veer Marathi. FC Pune City Pune FC Chetak FC DSK Shivajians F. Deccan XI FC CMS Falcons FC Fatima XI FC Khadki Blues FC. CAFVD Sports Stadium Nehru Cricket Ground Rajendrasinhji Stadium Sanas Sports Ciy Shivaji Stadium Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium Pune District Football Association Stadium.

Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex. Army Sports Institute Police Ground Poona Gymkhana Ground Pune Golf Club Pune Race course Golibar Maidan Royal Connaught Boat Club Deccan Gymkhana Ground Fergusson College Ground Mahesh Bhupathi Tennis Academy Rajendrasinhji Stadium DSK Shivajians Ground Pune Club Ground.

Vetal Hill Parvati Hill Baner Hill. Mula River Mutha River Mula-Mutha River Pavana River Peacock Bay Katraj Lake Pashan Lake Ramnadi. Somwar Peth Mangalwar Peth Budhwar Peth Guruwar Peth Shukrawar Peth Shaniwar Peth Raviwar Peth Kasba Peth Ganj Peth Mahatma Phule Peth Bhavani Peth Ghorpade Peth Ganesh Peth Sadashiv Peth Narayan Peth Rasta Peth Nana Peth Navi Peth.

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Pune Cantonment Camp Yerwada Kalyani Nagar Koregaon Park Kothrud Swargate Shivajinagar Aundh Lohegaon Sopan Baug Deccan Gymkhana. Khadki Dhankawadi Fatimanagar Vishrantwadi Kharadi Wadgaon Sheri. Katraj Balewadi Warje Baner Pashan Bavdhan Hadapsar Manjri Dhayari. Retrieved from " https: Extra text CS1 errors: Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in.

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